What Is Sexism Definition, Feminist Origins, Quotes

Sexism means discrimination based on sex or gender, or the belief that because men are superior to women, discrimination is justified. Such a belief can be conscious or unconscious. In sexism, as in racism, the differences between two (or more) groups are viewed as indications that one group is superior or inferior. Sexist discrimination against girls and women is a means of maintaining male domination and power.  The oppression or discrimination can be economic, political, social, or cultural. Defining Terms Sexism includes: Sexist attitudes or ideology, including beliefs, theories, and ideas that hold one group (usually male) as deservedly superior to the other (usually female), and that justify oppressing members of the other group on the basis of their sex or gender.Sexist practices and institutions,  the ways in which oppression is carried out. These need not be done with a conscious sexist attitude but may be unconscious cooperation in a system which has been in place already in which one sex (usually female) has less power and goods in the society. DNY59 / Getty Images Sexism is a form of oppression and domination.  As author  Octavia Butler put it, Simple peck-order bullying is only the beginning of the kind of hierarchical behavior that can lead to racism, sexism, ethnocentrism, classism, and all the other isms that cause so much suffering in the world. Some feminists have argued that sexism is the primal, or first, a form of oppression in humanity and that other oppressions are built on the foundation of oppression of women.  Andrea Dworkin, a radical feminist, argued that position: Sexism is the foundation on which all tyranny is built. Every social form of hierarchy and abuse is modeled on male-over-female domination. Feminist Origins of the Word The word sexism became widely known during the womens liberation movement of the 1960s. At that time, feminist theorists explained that the oppression of women was widespread in nearly all human society, and they began to speak of sexism instead of male chauvinism. Whereas male chauvinists were usually individual men who expressed the belief that they were superior to women, sexism referred to collective behavior that reflected society as a whole. Australian writer  Dale Spender  noted that she was old enough to have lived in a world without sexism and sexual harassment. Not because they weren’t everyday occurrences in my life but because THESE WORDS DIDN’T EXIST. It was not until the feminist writers of the 1970s made them up, and used them publicly and defined their meanings–an opportunity that men had enjoyed for centuries – that women could name these experiences of their daily life. Keystone / Getty Images Many women in the feminist movement of the 1960s and 1970s (the so-called Second Wave of feminism) came to their consciousness of sexism via their work in social justice movements. Social philosopher  bell hooks  argues that Individual heterosexual women came to the movement from relationships where men were cruel, unkind, violent, unfaithful. Many of these men were radical thinkers who participated in movements for social justice, speaking out on behalf of the workers, the poor, speaking out on behalf of racial justice. However, when it came to the issue of gender they were as sexist as their conservative cohorts. How Sexism Works Systemic sexism, like systemic racism, is the perpetuation of the oppression and discrimination without necessarily any conscious intention. The disparities between men and women are simply taken as givens and are reinforced by practices, rules, policies, and laws that often seem neutral on the surface but in fact disadvantage women. Sexism interacts with racism, classism, heterosexism, and other oppressions to shape the experience of individuals. This is called  intersectionality.  Compulsory heterosexuality  is the prevailing belief that heterosexuality is the only normal relationship between the sexes, which, in a sexist society, benefits men. Can Women Be Sexist? Women can be conscious or unconscious collaborators in their own oppression if they accept the basic premises of sexism: that men have more power than women because they deserve more power than women. Sexism by women against men would only be possible in a system in which the balance of social, political, cultural, and economic power was measurably in the hands of women, a situation which does not exist today. Are Men Oppressed by Sexism Against Women? Some feminists have argued that men should be allies in the fight against sexism because men, too, are not whole in a system of enforced male hierarchies.  In a patriarchal society, men are themselves in a hierarchical relationship to each other, with more benefits to the males at the top of the power pyramid. Others have argued that males benefit from sexism, even if that benefit is not consciously experienced or sought, is more weighty than whatever negative effects those with more power may experience. Feminist  Robin Morgan  put it this way:  And lets put one lie to rest for all time: the lie that men are oppressed, too, by sexism—the lie that there can be such a thing as mens liberation groups. Oppression is something that one group of people commits against another group specifically because of a threatening characteristic shared by the latter group—skin color or sex or age, etc. Some Quotes on Sexism bell hooks: Simply put, feminism is a movement to end sexism, sexist exploitation, and oppression...  I liked this definition because it did not imply that men were the enemy. By naming sexism as the problem it went directly to the heart of the matter. Practically, it is a definition which implies that all sexist thinking and action is the problem, whether those who perpetuate it are female or male, child or adult. It is also broad enough to include an understanding of systemic institutionalized sexism. As a definition it is open-ended. To understand feminism it implies one has to necessarily understand sexism. Caitlin Moran: â€Å"I have a rule for working out if the root problem of something is, in fact, sexism. And it is this: asking Are the boys doing it? Are the boys having to worry about this stuff? Are the boys the center of a gigantic global debate on this subject?† Erica Jong: Sexism kind of predisposes us to see mens work as more important than womens, and it is a problem, I guess, as writers, we have to change. Kate Millett: It is interesting that many women do not recognize themselves as discriminated against; no better proof could be found of the totality of their conditioning.

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Stress Urinary Incontinence In Women Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

Stress urinary incontinency ( SUI ) can impact up to 1 in 3 adult females between the ages of 16 to 65 old ages of age ( Fantl, 1996 ) doing it non an uncommon unwellness which frequently goes untreated due to embarrassment and low audience rates. There are a scope of causes of SUI although it is normally related back to a general weakening of the pelvic floor musculuss. However chief types of adult females affected are the aged ( Maggi, Minicuci, Langlois, Parvan, Enzi A ; Crepaldi, 2001 ) and female parents that have delivered via a natural kid birth. We will write a custom essay sample on Stress Urinary Incontinence In Women Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Differences in force per unit area: In a normal balance between vesica and urethral force per unit area, the urethra force per unit area usually wins, ensuing in the musculuss staying tight and closed, keeping in piss. However, activities such as coughing, express joying, sneezing or physical activity, such as raising heavy objects, will raise intraabdominal force per unit area which will in bend alteration vesica force per unit area doing incontinency ( Abrams, Stanton, Griffiths, Rosier, Ulmsten, Van Kerrebroeck, Victor A ; Wein, 2002 ) . Normal elimination of the vesica is due to this force per unit area displacement besides ; nevertheless in SUI the force is nonvoluntary. In SUI there is merely a deficiency of strength keeping these musculuss closed which is why sudden alterations in intraabdominal force per unit area can do the release of piss. Diagnosis: Initial diagnosing is simple with this unwellness and there is merely one major and obvious symptom ( with other minor symptoms that are secondary to the urinary incontinency ) . Diagnosis can merely happen if the patent is to show the symptom to a physician or medical practician, otherwise the issue can travel mostly untreated. Doctors will necessitate to travel through scope of patient proving to acquire a conclusive diagnosing. An accurate patient history will be required for things such as diet ( drinks high in water pills ) or old gestation ( weakening of the pelvic musculuss ) will necessitate to be noted ( Long, Giri A ; Flood, 2008 ) . Patients may necessitate to be referred onto specializers such as Urologists or Gynecologists for uranalysis and physical scrutinies severally. History: Arnold Kegel ( 1894-1981 ) was a gynecologist and the discoverer of the Kegel Perineometer ( an instrument applied to mensurating vaginal air force per unit area ) and the Kegel exercises which he developed after he recognised the strength lack in SUI sick persons. The term â€Å" Kegels † has become synonymous with pelvic floor beef uping. In 1948 he published a paper titled â€Å" The nonsurgical intervention of venereal relaxation ; usage of the perineometer as an assistance in reconstructing anatomic and functional construction † . His initial research used corpses, which proved to be useless after musculus wasting had set in. After trying to name utilizing merely internal tactual exploration straight onto the affected musculuss, he created the Perineometer apparatus – designed to mensurate from nothing to 100mmHg of force per unit area. After 30 designs and 18 old ages of Kegel ‘s research and instance surveies, the original device has lead the manner for more modern electromyography perineometers which measure electrical activity across the musculus alternatively of force per unit area exerted over the pubococcygeus. His groundbreaking research allowed adult females who antecedently were non cognizant, to understand that the knoll of musculuss could be contracted voluntarily ( Kegel 1948 ) . Physiology A ; Tissues injured The affects of Pregnancy: Day A ; Goad ( 2010 ) depict the pelvic floor as the â€Å" knoll of musculuss, get downing at the pubic bone at the forepart of the pelvic girdle and passing between the legs to the base of the spinal column † . This big group of musculuss ( known as the Pubococcygeus ) work together to back up the direct internal variety meats, command the intestine and vesica from releasing, play a function in sexual activity and of class, childbearing ( Haslam, 2004 ) . There are a battalion of endocrines being created and released during gestation, one in peculiar is Relaxin. Relaxin is a peptide endocrine that is produced by the principal luteum of the ovaries that encourages the ligaments and soft tissue to go more elastic to advance an easier birth ( Day 2010 ) . There is no uncertainty that gestation is a traumatic experience on a adult female ‘s organic structure. The violent birth procedure can do lacrimation of the vagina and the anal sphincter which can take anyplace from hebdomads or months to mend. The mechanics of childbearing are consistent with the form of hurt of SUI. The chief musculuss affected in SUI are the levator ani and coccygeus musculuss which together form the pelvic stop. Herschorn ( 2004 ) writes that it is of import to observe that a combination of effectual smooth, striated and connective tissue are indispensable for a urethral sphincter to be functional and watertight. All of these musculuss and tissues together are responsible for counterbalancing and fastening farther when intraabdominal force per unit areas change. While the womb can take anyplace from 6 to 8 hebdomads to travel return to its original size, frequently the pelvic floor ne’er to the full regains its initial strength and stringency ( Bar ton, 2004 ) . Prognosis What does this mean for our patient? Ideally, preventive strengthening is the ideal to advance the best recovery for this hurt. However, because Lucy has already had 3 natural childbearings, we can look to re-strengthening the pelvic floor musculuss with exercising. In the most terrible instances, surgery is recommended to mend the loss of tenseness and force per unit area. The most common signifier of surgery is the interpolation of a sling, which can be inserted laparoscopically or with minimum invasion via the vagina ( Daneshgari, Paraiso, Kaouk, Govier, Kozlowski A ; Kobashi, 2006 ) . The sling is a narrow strap designed to sit under the urethra and can be made from semisynthetic mesh or the patients ain tissues, donated from another country of the organic structure. Another impermanent step is the usage of Bulking injections ( Day A ; Goad, 2010 ) . It ‘s classified as impermanent because the process needs to be re-done about every 18 months. It involves the injection of substances that help maintain the ur ethra closed. The substances range from natural collagen, which can bring forth an allergic reaction in some patients, through to coaptite which is wholly man-made and more lasting. Suggested exercising suitable to lifestyle, hurt, recovery Technique: With right and regular day-to-day exercising from the patient, we can anticipate to see consequences within 6 hebdomads ( Choi, Palmer A ; Park, 2007 ) . The Kegel exercising required can be described as fastening your pelvic musculuss as if you are seeking to keep back from go throughing air current whilst straining around a tampon in your vagina at the same time. Because the knoll of musculuss tallies from the anal sphincter laterally to run into with the forepart of the pubic bone, insulating merely the vaginal musculuss of the pelvic floor is highly hard in new patients hence integrating the anal sphincter contraction is portion of the acquisition procedure and is still found to be rather effectual. Patients can look into right technique by sitting on a steadfast chair and executing a set of Kegel exercises – If they feel themselves move upward from the surface of the chair due to force per unit area exerted, so the action has been achieved right. Biofeedback: This is where Biofeedback comes in to play. Peterson ( 2008 ) writes that biofeedback allows adult females to place, insulate, contract, and loosen up the pelvic floor musculuss either on their ain or whilst utilising equipment. It is a type of behavioral therapy that creates feedback or consciousness about a physiological organic structure motion or action. Because there is such a concentration of musculus groups in a little country, patients may hold issues with designation and isolation. One suggestion would be for the patient to self-palpate their vagina during a contraction, usually whist bathing and reclining. One of the most effectual methods of supplying biofeedback is the usage of a stimulation investigation. The investigation is inserted into the vagina and shows visible radiations or graphs when the correct musculuss are being tightened. Tiny electrodes are attached to both the interior and out of the pelvic part, mensurating where and when force per unit area A ; electri city are activated during a musculus contraction. Optimal biofeedback therapy uses a wages and acknowledgment type system to educate the patient with right and wrong musculus visual images ( Abdelghany, Hughes, Lammers, Wellbrock, Buffington A ; Shank, 2001 ) . The patients see the right colors illuming up when right musculuss are engaged which provides positive support and furthermore, musculus memory. The natural re-training of the musculuss, coupled with a computerised ocular and audio feedback system shows the patient the direct relation to the physical control mechanism. Further methods are designed to recover optimization and the upper-hand in vesica control and release. The technique requires the patient to redact how the pelvic floor musculuss react when the vesica begins to make full, re-training it to â€Å" keep † for longer periods of clip. This is designed to promote the vesica to make full to its normal capacity before directing signals to the encephalon to emp ty or slop the piss. The intervention enhances the right musculuss required to lock-down the vesica successfully via the right sums of force per unit area needed. Exercise and vesica journals: It would be advisable for Lucy to maintain a journal of her Kegel exercisings and any cases of urinary incontinency, so she can supervise her ain betterments and progresss which will prolong personal motive. If she wishes to maintain a more advanced diary she can take to enter frequence of micturition, lessening of incontinency episodes A ; type, volume and frequence of unstable consumption. Initially they are helpful in set uping the badness of the urinary incontinency ; as clip goes on it will enter and expose for the patient the incremental positive alterations that may otherwise travel lost. How to cite Stress Urinary Incontinence In Women Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples